Jun 25, · Diabetes has been found in patients with endocrine diseases that secrete excess hormones like growth hormone, glucocorticoids, glucagon and epinephrine in certain endocrinopathies like acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, glucagonoma, and pheochromocytoma, respectively. Some of these hormones are used as drugs such as glucocorticoids to suppress the immune system and in Cited by: Mar 10, · Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is probably one of the oldest diseases known to man. It was first reported in Egyptian manuscript about years ago.1 In , the distinction between type 1 and type 2 DM was clearly made.2 Type 2 DM was first described as a component of metabolic syndrome in Type 2 DM (formerly known as non-insulin dependent DM) is the most common Cited by: Diabetes research papers discuss the causes of diabetes and how it affects public health. This is a research paper topic outline on Diabetes. The research describes potential factors that may contribute to the need for more medical and health research into the problem. Our writers at Paper Masters want to help you succeed in your medical health career
Diabetes Research Paper for Medical Students
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Type 2 diabetes mellitus DM is a chronic metabolic disorder in which prevalence has been increasing steadily all over the world. As a result of this trend, it is fast becoming an epidemic in some countries of the world with the number of people affected expected to double in the next diabetes research papers due to increase in ageing population, thereby adding to the already existing burden for healthcare providers, especially in poorly developed countries.
Diabetes research papers review is based on a search of Medline, diabetes research papers, the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, and citation lists of relevant publications.
Subject heading and key words used include type 2 diabetes mellitus, prevalence, current diagnosis, and current treatment. Only articles in English were included. Screening diabetes research papers diagnosis is still based on World Health Organization WHO and American Diabetes Association ADA criteria which include both clinical and laboratory parameters.
No cure has yet been found for the disease; however, treatment modalities include lifestyle modifications, treatment of obesity, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin sensitizers like metformin, a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance, is still the recommended diabetes research papers line medication especially for obese patients, diabetes research papers. Other effective medications include non-sulfonylurea secretagogues, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin.
Recent research into the pathophysiology of type 2 DM has led diabetes research papers the introduction of new medications like glucagon-like peptide 1 analogoues: dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 and 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output diabetes research papers quick-release bromocriptine.
Inhaled insulin was licensed for use in but diabetes research papers been withdrawn from the market because of low patronage. Diabetes mellitus DM is probably one of the oldest diseases known to man. It was first reported in Egyptian manuscript about years ago. People living with type 2 DM are more vulnerable to various forms of both short- and long-term complications, diabetes research papers, which often lead to their premature death.
This tendency of increased morbidity and mortality is seen in patients with type 2 DM because of the commonness of this type of DM, its insidious onset and late recognition, especially in resource-poor developing countries like Africa. It is estimated that million people had DM in ; by this would have risen to million. DM caused 4. Literature search has shown that there are few data available on the prevalence of type 2 DM in Africa as a whole. Studies examining data trends within Africa point to evidence of a dramatic increase in prevalence in both rural and urban setting, and affecting both gender equally.
It is predicted that the prevalence of DM in adults of which type 2 DM is becoming prominent will increase in the next two decades and much of the increase will occur in developing countries where the majority of patients are aged between 45 and 64 years. Type 2 DM is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.
These are physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking and generous consumption of alcohol. A weak positive correlation has been found between the concentration in the urine of bisphenol A, a constituent of some plastics, and the incidence of type 2 DM, diabetes research papers. There is a strong inheritable genetic connection in type 2 DM, having relatives especially first degree with type 2 DM diabetes research papers the risks of developing type 2 DM substantially.
KCNJ11 potassium inwardly rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11encodes the islet ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6. These include obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol combined hyperlipidemiaand with the condition often termed metabolic syndrome it is also known as Syndrome X, Reaven's syndrome. Type 2 DM is characterized by insulin insensitivity as a result of insulin resistance, declining insulin production, and eventual pancreatic beta-cell failure.
There is an increase in the breakdown of fat with hyperglycemia. The involvement of impaired alpha-cell function has recently been recognized in diabetes research papers pathophysiology of type 2 DM.
As a result of this dysfunction, glucagon and hepatic glucose levels that rise during fasting are not suppressed with a meal. Given inadequate levels of insulin and increased insulin resistance, hyperglycemia results. The incretins are important gut mediators of insulin release, and in the case of GLP-1, of glucagon suppression, diabetes research papers.
Although GIP activity is impaired in those with type 2 DM, GLP-1 insulinotropic effects are preserved, diabetes research papers, and thus GLP-1 represents a potentially beneficial therapeutic option. Two therapeutic approaches to this problem have been developed: GLP-1 analogues with increased half-lives, and Diabetes research papers inhibitors, which prevent the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1 as well as GIP. Studies are ongoing on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of insulin resistance and etiology of type 2 DM.
A majority of individuals suffering from type 2 DM are diabetes research papers, with central visceral adiposity. Therefore, the adipose tissue plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM. These two hypotheses constitute the framework for the study of the interplay between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 DM as well as between our obesogenic environment and DM risk in the next decade. Tests for screening and diagnosis of DM are readily available.
The test recommended for screening is the same as that for making diagnosis, with the result that a positive screen is equivalent to a diagnosis of pre-diabetes or DM, diabetes research papers. The ADA recommendations for diagnosis of DM focus on the FPG, while WHO focuses on the OGTT.
However, practicing physicians frequently employ diabetes research papers measures in addition to those recommended. In Julythe International Expert Committee IEC recommended the additional diagnostic criteria of an HbA1c result ³6. This committee suggested that the use of the term pre-diabetes may be phased out but identified the range of HbA1c levels ³6.
As with the glucose-based tests, there is no definite threshold of HbA1c at which normality ends and DM begins. Through lifestyle and diet modification, diabetes research papers.
Patients with type 2 DM should receive a medical nutrition evaluation; lifestyle recommendations should be tailored according to physical and functional ability. Biguanides, of which metformin is the most commonly used in overweight and obese patients, suppresses hepatic glucose production, diabetes research papers, increases insulin sensitivity, enhances glucose uptake by phosphorylating GLUT-enhancer factor, increases fatty acid oxidation, and decreases the absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract.
It has a low incidence of hypoglycemia compared to sulfonylureas. These generally well tolerated but because they stimulate endogenous insulin secretion, they carry a risk of hypoglycemia. Repaglinide and nateglinide are non-sulfonylurea secretagogues which act on the ATP-dependent K-channel in the pancreatic beta cells thereby stimulating the release of insulin from the beta cells, similar to sulfonylurea, though the binding site is different.
Meglitinides are given before meals for postprandial blood glucose control. Pre-prandial administration allows flexibility in case a meal is missed without increased risk of hypoglycemia. Thiazolidinedione is an insulin sensitizer, selective ligands transcription factor peroxisomes proliferator-activated gamma. They are the first drugs to address the basic problem of insulin resistance in type 2 DM patients, 46 whose class now includes mainly pioglitazone after the restricted use of rosiglitazone recommended by Food and Drug Administration FDA recently due to increased cardiovascular events reported with rosiglitazone.
On the other hand, due to concerns regarding peripheral edema, fluid retention and fracture risk in women, its use can be limited in older adults with DM. Pioglitazone diabetes research papers be avoided in elderly patients with congestive heart failure and is contraindicated in patients with class III-IV heart failure. Acarbose, Voglibose and Miglitol have not widely been used to treat type 2 DM individuals but are likely to be safe and effective.
These agents are most effective for postprandial hyperglycemia and should be avoided in patients with significant renal impairment. Their use is usually limited due to high rates of side-effects such as diarrhoea and flatulence, diabetes research papers. Glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1 analogues are the foundation of incretin-based therapies which are to target this previously unrecognized feature of Diabetes research papers pathophysiology resulting in sustained improvements in glycemic control and improved body weight control, diabetes research papers.
Examples are Exenatide, an incretin mimetic, and Liraglutide. There is no risk of hypoglycemia with the use of GLP-1 therapies unless combined with insulin secretagogues. In addition, emerging evidence suggests incretin-based therapies may have a positive impact on inflammation, cardiovascular and hepatic health, sleep, and the central nervous system. Dipeptidyl-peptidase DPP IV inhibitors inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DPP-4a ubiquitous enzyme that rapidly inactivates both GLP-1 and GIP, diabetes research papers, increase active levels of these hormones and, in doing so, improves islet function and glycemic control in type 2 DM.
They are effective as monotherapy in patients inadequately controlled with diet and exercise and as add-on therapy in combination with metformin, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. The DPP-4 inhibitors are well tolerated, carry a low risk of producing hypoglycemia and are weight neutral.
However, they are relatively expensive. Insulin is used alone or in combination with oral hypoglycemic agents. Augmentation therapy with basal insulin is useful diabetes research papers some beta cell function remains, diabetes research papers.
Replacement of basal-bolus insulin is necessary if beta cell exhaustion occurs. Rescue therapy using replacement is necessary in cases of glucose toxicity which should mimic the normal release of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreas.
The long acting forms are less likely to cause hypoglycemia compared to the short acting forms. Insulin therapy was limited in its ability to mimic normal physiologic insulin secretion, diabetes research papers. Traditional intermediate- and long-acting insulins NPH insulin, lente insulin, and ultralente insulin are limited by inconsistent absorption and peaks of action that may result in hypoglycemia.
Currently, two rapid-acting insulin analogues, insulin lispro and insulin aspart, and one long-acting insulin analogue, insulin glargine, are available. The inhaled form of rapidly acting insulin which became available in55 after it was approved diabetes research papers both the European Medicines Evaluation Agency and FDA for treatment of type 1 and type 2 DM in adults.
Studies have diabetes research papers shown that inhaled insulin is as effective as, but not better than short acting insulin, diabetes research papers. Quick-release bromocriptine has recently been developed for the treatment of type 2 DM. However, the mechanism of action is not clear. Studies have shown that they reduce the mean HbA1c levels by 0. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, which increase renal glucose elimination, diabetes research papers, and inhibitors of 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1, which reduce the glucocorticoid effects in liver and fat.
Insulin-releasing glucokinase activators and pancreatic-G-protein-coupled fatty-acid-receptor agonists, glucagon-receptor antagonists, and metabolic inhibitors of hepatic glucose output are being assessed for the purpose of development of new drug therapy for type 2 diabetic patients, diabetes research papers. Type 2 DM is a metabolic disease that can be prevented through lifestyle modification, diet control, and control of overweight and obesity, diabetes research papers.
Education of the populace is still key to the control of this emerging epidemic. Novel drugs are being developed, yet no cure is available in sight for the disease, despite new insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. Management should be tailored to improve the quality of life diabetes research papers individuals with type 2 DM.
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Diabetes Research to Advance Findings and Public Health
, time: 20:06Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of Current Trends
Mar 10, · Introduction. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is probably one of the oldest diseases known to man. It was first reported in Egyptian manuscript about years ago.1 In , the distinction between type 1 and type 2 DM was clearly made.2 Type 2 DM was first described as a component of metabolic syndrome in Type 2 DM (formerly known as non-insulin dependent DM) is the most common Cited by: Diabetes research papers discuss the causes of diabetes and how it affects public health. This is a research paper topic outline on Diabetes. The research describes potential factors that may contribute to the need for more medical and health research into the problem. Our writers at Paper Masters want to help you succeed in your medical health career Jun 25, · Diabetes has been found in patients with endocrine diseases that secrete excess hormones like growth hormone, glucocorticoids, glucagon and epinephrine in certain endocrinopathies like acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, glucagonoma, and pheochromocytoma, respectively. Some of these hormones are used as drugs such as glucocorticoids to suppress the immune system and in Cited by:
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