We value excellent academic writing and strive to provide outstanding essay writing service each and every time you place an order. We write essays, research papers, term papers, course works, reviews, theses and more, so our primary mission is to help you succeed academically The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a public policy research institute of the United States blogger.coming within the Library of Congress, it works primarily and directly for members of Congress and their committees and staff on a confidential, nonpartisan basis. CRS is sometimes known as Congress' think tank due to its broad mandate of providing research and analysis on all Apr 12, · Common Media Research Paper Questions You May Come Across. For you to produce quality media research essay, you must exhibit an overwhelming familiarity with the field of both research and media at large. This helps you to conduct thorough research which
Congressional Research Service - Wikipedia
The Congressional Research Service CRS is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress. Operating within the Library of Congressresearch paper on service quality of mobile service, it works primarily and directly for members of Congress and their committees and staff on a confidential, nonpartisan basis. CRS is sometimes known as Congress' think tank due to its broad mandate of providing research and analysis on all matters relevant to national policymaking.
CRS has roughly employees reflecting a wide variety of expertise and disciplines, including lawyers, research paper on service quality of mobile service, economists, reference librarians, and scientists.
CRS was founded during the height of the Progressive Era as part of a broader effort to professionalize the government by providing independent research and information to public officials.
Its work was initially made available to the public, but between and was restricted only to members of Congress and their staff; non-confidential reports have since been accessible on its website. CRS is one of three major legislative agencies that support Congress, along with the Congressional Budget Office which provides Congress with budget-related information, reports on fiscal, budgetary, and programmatic issues, and analyses of budget policy options, costs, and effects and the Government Accountability Office which assists Congress in reviewing and monitoring the activities of government by conducting independent audits, investigations, and evaluations of federal programs.
Collectively, the three agencies employ more than 4, people. InSenator Robert La Follette Sr. and Representative John M. Nelsonboth of Wisconsin, promoted the inclusion in the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriations act of a provision directing the establishment of a special reference unit within the Library of Congress. Renamed the Legislative Reference Service and given a permanent authorization with the Legislative Reorganization Act of[9] it assisted Congress primarily by providing facts and publications and by transmitting research and analysis done largely by other government agencies, private organizations, and individual scholars.
The Library of Congress, the home of CRS, had experimented during the s with unrestricted publication Public Affairs Bulletinswhich were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues.
They were promoted by Archibald MacLeishthe Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, research paper on service quality of mobile service, such as American national defense. About Public Affairs Bulletins were generated [10] before congressional appropriators ended their production in The renaming under the Legislative Reorganization Act of reflected the service's changing mission: [4] This legislation directed CRS to devote more of its efforts and increased resources to doing research and analysis that assists Congress in direct support of the legislative process.
When the Congressional Research Service Review was launched init continued for a little more than a decade before congressional appropriators, once again, invoked fiscal closure. The Review, which was published ten times a year and available to the public by subscription, offered original analytical articles, summaries highlighting CRS research products, and other kinds of assistance to the congressional community. As inquiries increased fromquestions per year in toinCRS sought to prepare itself for future challenges, initiating an organizational realignment in The realignment, research paper on service quality of mobile service, which has required extensive relocation of staff and the design of more efficient workstations, was intended to promote improved communication within CRS and increase the service's ability to focus on legislative deliberations of Congress by applying its multidisciplinary expertise to public policy issues in user-friendly, accessible formats when Congress needs assistance.
CRS offers Congress research and analysis on all current and emerging issues of national policy. CRS makes no legislative or other policy recommendations to Congress; its responsibility is to ensure that Members of the House and Senate have available the best possible information and analysis on which to base the policy decisions the American people have elected them to make. CRS services are not limited to those that relate directly to enacting new laws.
For example, CRS attempts to assess emerging issues and developing problems so that it will be prepared to assist the Congress if and when it becomes necessary.
Although it rarely conducts field research, CRS assists committees in other aspects of their study and oversight responsibilities. In addition, it offers numerous courses, including legal research seminars and institutes on the legislative process, the budget processes, and the work of district and state staff. At the beginning of each Congress, CRS also provides an orientation seminar for new Members.
CRS does not conduct research on sitting Members or living former Members of Congress, unless granted specific permission by that Member or if that Member is nominated by the President for another office. CRS is now divided into six interdisciplinary research divisions, each of which is further divided into subject specialist sections. The six divisions are: American Law; Domestic Social Policy; Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade; Government and Finance; Knowledge Services; and Resources, Science and Industry.
Responses to Congressional requests take the form of reports, memoranda, customized briefings, seminars, videotaped presentations, information obtained from automated databases, research paper on service quality of mobile service, and consultations in person and by telephone. CRS "supports the Members, committees, and leaders of the House and Senate at all stages of the legislative process": [4].
At the preliminary stage, members may ask CRS to provide background information and analysis on issues and events so they can better understand the existing situation and then assess whether there is a problem requiring a legislative remedy. This assistance may be a summary and explanation of the scientific evidence on a technically complex matter, for example, or it may be a collection of newspaper and journal articles discussing an issue from different perspectives, or a comparative analysis of several explanations that have been offered to account for a generally recognized problem.
CRS also identifies national and international experts with whom Members and staff may consult about whatever issues concern them and sponsors programs at which Members meet with experts to discuss issues of broad interest to Congress.
If a Member decides to introduce a bill, CRS analysts can assist the legislator in clarifying the purposes of the bill, identifying issues it may address, defining alternative ways for dealing with them, evaluating the possible advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, developing information and arguments to support the bill, and anticipating possible criticisms of the bill and responses to them.
Members and committees also can request CRS to help them assess and compare legislative proposals, including competing bills introduced by Members and proposals presented by executive branch officials, private citizens and organizations. CRS can assess the intent, scope, and limits, of the various proposals. During committee and floor consideration, Research paper on service quality of mobile service can assist Representatives and Senators in several different ways, in addition to providing background information to assist Members in understanding the issues a bill addresses.
CRS attorneys can help clarify legal effects the bill may have. CRS policy analysts can work with Members in deciding whether to propose amendments and then in making certain that their amendments are designed and phrased to achieve the desired results. CRS also can help Members prepare for the debate by providing data and other information that they can use to support the positions they have decided to take, research paper on service quality of mobile service.
CRS also performs several functions that support Congressional and public understanding of the legislative process and other issues. Reports by the Congressional Research Service, usually referred to as CRS Reportsare the encyclopedic research reports written to clearly define issues in a legislative context.
Over new CRS reports are produced each year; [18] new products were prepared in Research paper on service quality of mobile service Year The types of CRS reports include Issue Briefs IBResearch Memos RMand Reports, which appear in both Short RS and Long RL formats. As of September 18,most CRS reports are available to the public through the official US Congress website crsreports. Research paper on service quality of mobile service CRS reports versions may be accessed from community supported sources.
Previously they were confidential. While not classified, they were exempt from FOIA due to Congressional privilege and therefore not readily accessible nor was their authenticity easily verifiable. About Public Affairs Bulletins were generated [23] before congressional appropriators ended their production in When the Congressional Research Service Review was launched init continued for a little more than a decade before congressional appropriators, once again, invoked fiscal closure with the last issue published v.
The New York Times has written that the reports contain. However, in a passage analyzing its own liability under United States copyright law, the CRS has written:.
Thus, persons seeking public domain content in CRS reports can avoid infringing copyright by paying attention to the internal citations. CRS written work products fall into three major categories: 1 Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues, 2 Responses to Individual Members and Committees, and 3 Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations. Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues itself is broken into two subcategories: Reports for Congress and Congressional Distribution Memoranda.
Reports for Congress : CRS often prepares reports for Congress, analyses, or research paper on service quality of mobile service on specific policy issues of legislative interest.
These reports clearly define issues in legislative contexts. Analysts define and explain technical terms and concepts, frame the issues research paper on service quality of mobile service understandable and timely contexts, and provide appropriate, accurate, and valid quantitative data. The content of the report is summarized on its first page. These reports may be updated as events occur, or archived when they no longer reflect the current legislative agenda but can provide background and historical context.
Congressional Distribution Memoranda : Similar to the reports, memoranda are prepared when the interest of a relatively small number of congressional readers is anticipated or when an issue is sufficiently transient that CRS deems it inappropriate to include it in its list of products.
Memoranda can be recast as a report if it becomes important to a larger congressional audience. Responses to Individual Members and Committees : CRS staff provide custom services for Members and committees and their staff, tailored to address specific questions, and usually in a memorandum format.
Written documents include Confidential Memoranda, Email Responses, and Briefing Books. Confidential Memoranda : Confidential memoranda are prepared to meet a specific congressional request and are often designed for a congressional reader with a high level of expertise in a given topic.
These memoranda are prepared for the use of the requester and are not distributed by CRS to a larger audience unless the requester gives permission. Email Responses : Email responses to request for information can range from providing a statistic or a research paper on service quality of mobile service to a short briefing to an interactive discussion on a variety of issues. Briefing Books : Prepared for use by congressional delegations traveling abroad, these books are collections of material that support the specific purposes of a congressional trip.
Briefing books can include a variety of materials, such as maps, selected products, and brief tailored written work, all of which contain background and current issues regarding U.
relations with specific countries on the trip as well as questions Members may ask when meeting with government or other officials. Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations : Sincethe Legislative Analysis and Information Section formerly research paper on service quality of mobile service "Bill Digest" section of CRS has had the statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and the maintenance of historical legislative information.
Detailed revised summaries are written to reflect changes made in the course of the legislative process. This CRS office also prepares titles, bill relationships, subject terms, and Congressional Record citations for debates, full text of measures, and Member introductory remarks.
The confidentiality status of Congressional Research Service reports, until September 18,was a matter of contention due to the lack of public access to research that was paid for by taxpayer money.
Congress had historically reserved to itself control over the dissemination of CRS products to the public on the principle that CRS, as an extension of congressional staff, works exclusively for the Congress: "dissemination is limited to Members of Congress.
The limitation began in the House as a flat prohibition on publications by the Library of Congress using funds appropriated to the Legislative Reference Service now CRS. In a provision was added providing for exception only with the approval of our oversight committees. by noting "A committee or Member of the Senate, of course, may determine to make available to the public a report or memorandum which the Congressional Research Service has provided to the committee or Senator it is important to protect the confidentiality of CRS's preparatory work in order to encourage the freest possible exploration by CRS Some members of congress used committee websites to disseminate individual reports, beginning in They were subsequently removed.
Representatives Shays and Mark Green R-WI —have placed many CRS products on their own websites in an attempt to make some CRS products available to the public. This was countered by a clarification saying that the goal was the public release of only reports the research service produces, not the memorandums it also writes for members of Congress. Lieberman said in an e-mail message to The New York Times, research paper on service quality of mobile service.
The American people, who pay for these reports, should be able to learn from this same expert analysis. In a December memorandum, the CRS summarized the "Legal Issues Presented by Proposals for the General Release of CRS Products to the Public": [31].
On January 5,Gary Ruskin, Director of the Congressional Accountability Projectwrote a memorandum which disputed each of the arguments in the CRS memorandum. On January 27,Stanley M. Brandthe former General Counsel to the House of Representatives, wrote a letter to Senator John McCain:.
Concerning applicability of the Speech or Debate Clause, research paper on service quality of mobile service, U. I, 6, cl. See also his letter addressing a reintroduction of the same legislation. I would like to point out that the Rules Committee has approved a decentralized system, where Senators can release CRS products on their private web pages. I see no difference between the release of CRS material on one hundred independent web pages and THOMAS, a Congressionally mandated web page.
Both approaches should protect CRS equally. I also urge my colleagues not to believe other arguments that CRS will suffer from a huge rise in workload from this amendment. It will require only two computer technicians to set up this web site, and keep it updated.
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